Name : Hanifah Tri Sediaswati
Class : 1EA30
NPM : 13213897
Direct speech and
Indirect speech
Direct or quoted speech is a
sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original
form, as phrased by the original speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation
marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned in the inquit (Latin "he/she
says") or implied.
Indirect speech, also called
reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of
statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as
is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct
speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech
should not be confused with indirect speech acts.
In terms of grammar,
indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures such as content
clauses ("that" clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes
infinitive phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take
the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such
as whether he was coming).
In indirect speech certain
grammatical categories are changed relative to the words of the original
sentence. For example, person may change as a result of a change of speaker or
listener (as I changes to he in the example above). In some languages,
including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses. Some
languages have a change of mood: Latin switches from indicative to the
infinitive (for statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).
When written, indirect
speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical
devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such
devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful
quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets
and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He
informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an
announcement".
Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the
words spoken by a person to other person.
- Direct speech
- Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in
school, “I
will give you a pen”.
You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you.
There are two ways to tell him.
- Direct speech : John said, “I will give you a pen”.
- Indirect Speech : John said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech the original words of person are
narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in
indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because
these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and
pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of
the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is
indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because
reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something
has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e.
he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person
in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the
reporting verb is “said”.
He said, “I
work in a factory” (Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a
factory.
(Indirect
speech)
They said, “we
are going to cinema”
(Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
Another opinion about Direct and Indirect
Speech.
Fundamental rules for Indirect speech.
Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb
and reported speech.
Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the
reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object
(person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may
not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is
“I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the
pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.
Tenses modification.
S. Present → S. Past
Present Continuous → Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect → Past
Perfect →Past Perfect Cont
Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous →Tetap
S. Future → Past Future
Future Continuous → Past Future Continuous →Past F Perfect C
Future Perfect → Past Future
Perfect →Tetap
Future Perfect Continuous → Past Future Perfect Continuous
→Tetap
Auxialiary verb modification.
1. Will/ Shall → Would/ Should
2. Can → Could
3. May → Might
4. Must → Had to
5. Have to/ Has to →
Had to
6. Could → Could have
7. Might → Might have
Direct and Indirect Speech divided into 3 type:
1. Statement (Pernyataan)
2. Question (Pertanyaan)
3. Command (Perintah)
1. Statement : kata penghubungnya (conjuntion) “THAT”
Ex:
A. D : She says, “I am a student”
ID : She says that she is a student.
B. D : Ina has said to him, “I miss you”
ID : Ina has said to him that she misses him.
2. Question
Introgative →Conjuntion ‘If or Wheter’
Ex:
A. D : Ani asks him, “Do you know my dictionary ?”
ID : Ani asks him if he knows her dictionary
B. D : He asked me, “Can you help me to carry my bag ?”
ID : He asked me if I could help him to carry his bag.
Question Word →Conjuntion “Question word’’ itu sendiri
Ex:
A. D : Rina asks her mother, “Where is my hat ?’’
ID : Rina asks her mother where her hat is.
B. D : The boy asked her, “How many cards will we buy for our friends ?”
ID : The boy asked her if how many cards they would buy
for their friends.
3.Command (perintah)
*) Negative Command “not to”
*) Positive Command “to”
Ex:
A. D : He said to her, “Don’t come late !”
ID : He suggested her not to come late.
B. D : She asks me, “Please mail my letter !”
ID : She asks me to mail her letter.
C. D : They asked him, “Don’t be lazzy to face your future !”
ID : They asked him not to be lazzy to face his future.
D. D : Father asked us, “Do what I do !”
ID : Father asked us to do what he did.
Examples from Direct and Indirect Speech.
1. Simple Present Tense = Simple Past Tense
D : They told me, “We go to school everyday”
ID : They told me that they went to school everyday.
2. Simple Present Continous Tense = Simple Past Continous Tense
D : She told me, “I am watching now”
ID : She told me that she was watching then.
3. Simple Present Perfect Tense = Simple Past Perfect Tense
D : He told me, “I have bought a pecil case”
ID : He told me that he had bought a pencil case.
4. Simple Past Tenses = Simple Past Perfect Tense
D : They told me, “We went to bandung yesterday”
ID : They told me that they
had gone to
bandung previous day.
5. Simple Present Future
Tense = Simple Past Future Tense
D : She told me, “I shall kill the criminal yesterday”
ID : She told me that She would kill the police the
following day.
6. Simple Past Future Tense = Simple Past Future Perfect Tense
D : He told me, “I should go there if I were you”
ID : He told me that he would gone there if he had been
me.
7. Simple Present Future Continous = Simple Past Future Continous Tense
D : She told me, “I can cooking dimsum yesterday”
ID : She told me that She could cooking dimsum the following day.
Referensi:
http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html
http://dasarbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2013/03/pengertian-direct-indirect-reported.html
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